Contingencies of Self-Worth, Motivation, and Well-Being

*=mentored student

Park, L. E., *Ward, D. E., Naragon-Gainey, K., Fujita, K., & *Koefler, N. (2024). I’m still spending: Financial contingency of self-worth predicts financial motivational conflict and compulsive buying. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 50(2), 2232-252. PDF

Park, L. E., Lin, G-X, *Chang, Y., *O’Brien, C., & Ward, D. E. (2022). Burning the candle at both ends: The role of financial contingency of self-worth and work-family conflict on job and parental well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 1-6. PDF

*Ward, D. E., Park, L. E., Walsh, C., Naragon-Gainey, K., *Paravati, E., & Whillans, A. V.  (2021). For the love of money: The influence of financially contingent self-worth in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(4), 1303-1328. PDF

Park, L. E., *Jung, H., Lee, K. S., *Ward, D. E., Piff, P. K., Whillans, A.V., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2021). Psychological pathways linking income inequality in adolescence to well-being in adulthood. Self and Identity, 20(8), 982-1014. PDF

*Ward, D.E.,  Park, L.E., Naragon-Gainey, K., Whillans, A.V., & Jung, H. (2020). Can’t buy me love (or friendship). Social consequences of financially contingent self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 1665-1681. PDF

Park, L. E., *Ward, D. E., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2017).  It’s all about the money (for some): Consequences of financially contingent self-worth.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 601-622.  PDF

Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2013).  Pursuing self-esteem: Implications for self-regulation and relationships.  In V. Zeigler-Hill (Ed.), Current Issues in Social Psychology: Self-Esteem, 43-59.  New York: Psychology Press.

Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2012).  Contingencies of self-worth.  In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity, 2^nd Edition.  New York: Guilford Press.

Park, L. E., Sanchez, D. T., & Brynildsen, K. (2011).  Maladaptive responses to romantic breakup: The role of relationship contingent self-worth.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 1749-1773. PDF

Park, L. E. (2010).  Responses to self-threat: Linking self and relational constructs with approach and avoidance motivation.  Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 201-221.  PDF

Park, L. E., & Maner, J. K. (2009).  Does self-threat promote social connection?  The role of self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 203-217.  PDF

Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2008).  Contingencies of self-worth and responses to negative interpersonal feedback. Self and Identity, 7, 184-203. PDF

Park, L. E. (2008).  Self-esteem.  In N. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Vol. II (pp. 895-898). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  PDF

Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007).  Contingencies of self-worth, academic failure, and goal pursuit.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503-1517. PDF

Christopher, A. N., Lasane, T. P., *Troisi, J. D., & Park, L. E. (2007).  Materialism, defensive and assertive self-presentational styles, and life satisfaction.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1146-1163.  PDF

Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Vohs, K. D. (2006).  Contingencies of self-worth and self-validation goals:  Implications for close relationships.  In K. D. Vohs & E. J. Finkel (Eds.) Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes, 84-103.  New York: Guilford Press.  PDF

Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2005).  Interpersonal consequences of seeking self-esteem.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 1587-1598.  PDF

Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Mickelson, K. D. (2004).  Attachment styles and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1243-1254.  PDF

Crocker, J., & Park, L.E. (2004a). The costly pursuit of self-esteem.  Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392–414.  PDF

Crocker, J., & Park, L.E. (2004b).  Reaping the benefits of pursuing self-esteem without the costs?  Response to comments on Crocker and Park (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 430-434.  PDF

Crocker, J., Lee, S. J., & Park, L. E. (2004).  The pursuit of self-esteem: Implications for good and evil. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The Social Psychology of Good and Evil, 271-302.  New York: Guilford Press. PDF

Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2003). Seeking self-esteem: Construction, maintenance, and protection of self-worth.  In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity, 291-313. New York: Guilford Press.  PDF 

Perceptions of Cues in the Environment 

Park, L. E., *Ward, D. E., Naragon-Gainey, K., Canning, E. A., *Koefler, N., *Panlilio, Z., *Vessels, V., & *Pascuzzi, G. (in press). Perceptions of safety and threat in the environment: The STEP scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Park, L. E., *Naidu, E., Lemay, E.P., Canning, E.A., *Ward, D.E., *Panlilio, Z.A., & *Vessels, V. (2023). Social evaluative threat across individual, relational, and collective selves. In B. Gawronski (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.68, pp.139-199). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. PDF

Improving Students’ STEM Outcomes

Park, L. E., Eastwick, P. W., *Young, A. F., *Troisi, J. D., & *Streamer, L. (2016).  Desirable but not smart: Preference for smarter romantic partners impairs women’s STEM outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46, 158-179. PDF 

Park, L. E., *Young, A. F., *Troisi, J. D., & Pinkus, R. T. (2011).  Effects of everyday romantic goal pursuit on women’s attitudes toward math and science. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1259-1273.  PDF

Park, L. E., Cook, K. E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001; 1^st place, Psi Chi/J. P. Guilford National Undergraduate Research Award).  Implicit indicators of women’s persistence in math, science, and engineering.  Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6 (4), 145-152. PDF

Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity

Bowker, J. C., Thomas, K. K., Spencer, S. V., & Park, L. E. (2013).  Examining appearance-based rejection sensitivity during early adolescence.  Journal for Research on Adolescence, 23, 375-388.  PDF

Park, L. E., Calogero, R. M., *Young, A. F., & *DiRaddo, A. (2010). Appearance-based rejection sensitivity predicts body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and cosmetic surgery acceptance.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29 (5), 489-509. PDF

Park, L. E., & *Harwin, M. J. (2010). Visible vs. non-visible rejection: Consequences of appearance-based rejection sensitivity.  Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 128-132. PDF

Calogero, R. M., Park, L. E., Rahemtulla, Z. R., & Williams, K. C. D. (2010).  Predicting excessive body image concerns among British university students: The unique role of appearance-based rejection sensitivity.  Body Image, 7, 78-81. PDF

Calogero, R. M., Pina, A., Park, L. E., & Rahemtulla, Z. (2010). Sexual and self-objectification predict college women’s cosmetic surgery attitudes. Sex Roles, 63, 32-41.  PDF

Park, L. E., Calogero, R. M., *Harwin, M. J., & *DiRaddo, A. (2009).  Predicting interest in cosmetic surgery: Interactive effects of appearance-based rejection sensitivity and negative appearance comments.  Body Image, 6, 186-193.  PDF

Park, L. E., *DiRaddo, A., & Calogero, R. (2009).  Sociocultural influence and appearance-based rejection sensitivity among college students.  Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 108-119.  PDF

Park, L. E., & Pinkus, R. T. (2009). Interpersonal effects of appearance-based rejection sensitivity.  Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 602-612. PDF

Park, L. E. (2007).  Appearance-based rejection sensitivity: Implications for mental and physical health, affect, and motivation.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 490-504.  PDF

Prosocial Behavior

Niiya, Y., Yakin, S., Park, L.E., & *Chang, Y. (in press). Nonzero-sum time perception is associated with greater willingness to help. Special issue on “Subjective Time: Cognition, Emotion and Beyond” in European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology, and Education.

Park, L. E., *Ward, D. E., *Jung, H., & *Weng, J. (2024). Perceived social mobility and system justification predict greater well-being but less prosocial behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 54(4), 859-877 . PDF

Happiness & Well-Being

Park, L. E., Fujita, K., Naragon-Gainey, K., *Radsvick, T., *Jung, H., *Xia, J., *Ward, D. E., *Paravati, E., *Weng, J., *Italiano, A., & *Valvo, A. (2023). Happiness – to enjoy now or later? Consequences of delaying happiness and living in the moment beliefs. Emotion, 23(1), 138-162. PDF

Park, L. E., *Italiano, A., & *Vessels, V. (2023). Managers’ frequent displays of busyness predict employees’ job disengagement, burnout, and turnover intentions. International Journal of Social Psychology, 1-48. PDF

Interpersonal Processes

Park, L. E., *Young, A. F., & Eastwick, P. W. (2015). (Psychological) distance makes the heart grow fonder: Effects of psychological distance and relative intelligence on men’s attraction to women.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1459-1473.  PDF

Park, L. E., *Troisi, J. D., & Maner, J. K. (2011).  Egoistic versus altruistic concerns in communal relationships.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 315-335. PDF

Other Publications 

Park, L.E., Aknin, L.B., Gaither, S.E., Impett, E.A., & Whillans, A.V. (2024). Starting and sustaining fruitful collaborations in psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 18(4), 1-16. PDF

Lippert, S., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Tierney, W., Cyrus-Lai, W., Uhlmann, E., Emotion Expression Collaboration, & Pfeiffer, T. (in press). Can large language models (LLMs) help predict experimental results in the behavioural sciences? Royal Society of Open Science.

Schaerer, M., du Plessis, C., Nguyen, M., van Aert, R.C.M., Tiokhin, L., Lakens, D., Clemente, E., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Magnus Johannesson, M., Clark, C.J., Uhlmann, E.L., & Gender Audits Forecasting Collaboration (2023). On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 179, 104280.

Park, L. E., *Streamer, L., Huang, L., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013).  Stand tall, but don’t put your feet up: Universal and culturally-specific effects of expansive postures on power.  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 965-971. PDF