The Elocution Movement in the 19th Century 

Bode, C. (1956). The American lyceum: Town meeting of the mind. NY: Oxford University Press. 

Menand, L. (2001). The metaphysical club: A story of ideas in America. NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 

Werner, E. (1887) The Voice, Vol 8 # 8. 

The Scientific Revolution of the 19th Century 

Bastian, H. C. (1898). A treaty on aphasia and other speech defects. London: Lewis. 

Bell, A. M. (1867). Visible speech: The science of universal alphabetics, or self –interpreting physiological letters, for the writing of all languages in one alphabet (Inaugural edition). London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 

Charcot (1888). Clinical lectures on certain diseases of the nervous system. George S. Davis. https://archive.org/details/clinicallecture00chargoog  

Comstock, A. (1841, reprinted in 1977). A system of elocution, chapter vii, Stammering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 10, 153-158. 

Duchan, J. (submitted for publication). Speech therapy in 19th and early 20th century America: The articulatory phonetic methods of the Alexander Bells. 

Dutton, Wilbur Harvey (1945). The child-study movement in America from its origin (1880). To the organization of the Progressive Education Association (1920). Unpublished doctoral thesis, Stanford University. 

Goddard, H. (1910a). Four hundred feeble-minded children classified by the Binet method. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, 15:1 and 2 (September and December: 17-30. 

Goddard, H. (1910b). Suggestions for a prognostical classification of mental defectives. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, 14, 1-4 (September and December 1909/ March and June 1910): 48-54. 

Goddard, H. (1911). A new classification (Tentative) of the feeble-minded. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, 15, 68-71. 

Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The mismeasure of man. NY: W. W. Norton & Co. 

Hale, L. (1954). Dr. James Rush. In K. Wallace (Ed.). History of speech education in America. (pp. 219-237). NY Appleton-Century Crofts, Inc. 

Hall, G. S. (1893). Child study: The basis of exact education. Forum, 16. 429-441. 

Hall, G. S. (1896). The methods, status, and prospects of the child-study of to-day. Transactions of the Illinois Society for Child Study, 2, (May) 184. 

Hendricks, James (1968). The child study movement in American education, 1880-1910: A quest for educational reform through a scientific study of the child. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University. 

Lippmann, Walter (1922, 1923) Articles criticizing the use of intelligence tests for stratifying society. Vol 32, pp. 213-215, 246-248, 275-277, 297-298, 328-330, Vol 33, pp. 9-11 and Vol 34, pp. 263-264, 322-323. 

Minton, Henry L. (1984). The Iowa Child Welfare Research Station and the 1940 debate on intelligence: Carrying on the legacy of a concerned mother. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 29, 160-176. 

Morton, S. G. (1849). Observations on the size of the brain in various races and families of man. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia, 4, 221-224. 

Orton, S. (1925). Word blindness in school children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 14, 581-615. 

Rush, J. (1827). The philosophy of the human voice: embracing its physiological history; together with a system of principles, by which criticism in the art of elocution may be rendered intelligible, and instruction, definite and comprehensive.To which is added a brief analysis of song and recitative. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. 

Terman, L. M., Dickson, Virgil, E., Sutherland, A. H., Franzen, Raymond H., Tupper, C. R. & Fernald, Grace (1922). Intelligence tests and school reorganization. Yonkers, NY: World Book Company. 

White, Sheldon (1990). Child study at Clark University —1894-1904. Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences, 131-150. 

Wissler, Clark (1901). The correlation of mental and physical tests. Psychological Review Monograph Supplement, 3, #6. 

Worcester, W. L. (1896). Cases of paraphasia and word-deafness. American Journal of Insanity, 53, 262-275. 

Young, Robert. (1970). Mind, brain and adaptation in the nineteenth century. Oxford. 

Zenderland, Leila (1988). Education, evangelism, and the origins of clinical psychology: The child-study legacy. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 152-165. 

Professionalism in 19th century 

Abbott, Andrew (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 

Abbott, Andrew (1992). Human services as complex organizations. In Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Ed.) Human service as complex organizations (pp. 145-162). Newbury Park: Sage Publications. 

Anderson, M. (1917). Education of defectives in the public schools. NY: World Book. 

Anonymous (1923). News and notes. Quarterly Journal of Speech Education, 9, 4, 398. 

Anonymous (1927). Association News. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 13, 311-317. 

Brown, JoAnn (1992). The definition of a profession: The authority of metaphor in the history of intelligence testing, 1890-1930. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 

Chace, Lydia Gardiner (1904). Public school classes for mentally deficient children. Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. 

Connor, F. (1976). The past is prologue: Teacher preparation in special education. Exceptional Children, 42, 366-378. 

Esten, R. (1900). Backward children in the public schools. Journal of Psycho-Astehnics, 5, 10-16. 

Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth (Ed.) (2002). Who were the progressives? Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins. 

Kester, Dorothy (1950). The development of speech correction in organizations and in schools in the United States during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: Northwestern University. 

Kode, Kimberly (2002). Elizabeth Farrell and the history of special education. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children. 

Lincoln, D. (1903). Special classes for mentally defective children in the Boston Public Schools. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, 14, 89-92. 

McGerr, Michael (2003). A fierce discontent: The rise and fall of the progressive movement in America, 1870-1920. NY: Free Press. 

Moore, Paul, and Kester, Dorothy. (1953). Historical notes on speech correction in the pre-association era. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 18, 48-53. 

Osgood, Robert (1999). Becoming a special educator: Specialized professional training for teachers of children with disabilities in Boston, 1870-1930. 

Paden, Elaine (1970). A history of the American Speech and Hearing Association. Washington, D. C.: The American Speech and Hearing Association. 

Starr, Paul (1982) The social transformation of American medicine: The rise of a sovereign profession and the making of a vast industry. NY: Basic Books. 

Stinchfield, Sara M. (1933). Speech disorders: A psychological study of the various defects of speech. NY: Harcourt, Brace & Co. 

Tyor, Peter & Bell, Leland,V. (1984). Caring for the retarded in America : A history. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 

Van Sickle, James H., Witmer, Lightner, & Ayers, Leonard (1911). Provision for exceptional children in public schools. United States Bureau of Education Bulletin, #14. Washington, D. C. 

Wallin, J. E. (1924, 1955). Education of mentally handicapped children. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 

Werner, E. S. (1881). Stutterers Beware! The Voice, 3, 125. 

Zug, Robert M. (1881). Quack stutter-doctors. The Voice, Vol 3, #7, p. 107.