| Name | Location of education/work affiliation | Selected Contributions |
Alfred Adler 1870-1937 | Vienna & USA | Adler was a psychoanalyst who developed his own school of thought, called Individual Psychology, a school that was adopted by some for use in the field of speech pathology. His followers in speech pathology included Emil Froeschels, Leopold Stein, Karl Cornelius Rothe and Alfred Appelt. |
| Alfred Appelt 1869- | Munich | Appelt, along with Emil Froeschels, Leopold Stein and Karl Cornelius Rothe applied Adler’s Individual Psychology philosophy to stuttering therapy. |
| Godfrey Arnold 1914-1989 | Vienna, Berlin US 1949 | Arnold was a specialist in voice and co-author with Richard Luchsinger of a popular text in the field: Voice, Speech, Language. He was a student of Herman Gutzmann, Jr. |
| Bruno Bettelheim 1903-1990 | Vienna US 1939 | Bruno Bettelheim applied Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to autism: He argued that “refrigerator mothers” caused autism. He served as the director a residential school for children with severe emotional disturbances in Chicago, ILL and wrote popular books about his practices. |
| Smiley Blanton 1882-1966 | An American analyzed by Freud in Berlin and Vienna. He also trained inLondon | Blanton was a psychiatrist and the director of the University of Wisconsin Speech and Mental Hygiene Clinic and a child guidance clinic in Minneapolis, MN. He authored a number of publications on various aspects of speech correction, including stuttering and voice and speech problems of preschool children. |
| Frederick S. Brodnitz 1899-1995 | Berlin US 1937 | Brodnitz was a well known voice scientist. He had a private practice and worked with opera singers in New York City. |
| Karl Ludwig Buhler 1879-1963 | Vienna, US 1938 | Buher was a gestalt psychologist who contributed to American thinking about child language, thought and perception. |
| Charlotte Buhler 1893-1974 | Vienna, Munich, Berlin US 1940 | Buhler was a specialist in child development, known for her diary studies and for her founding of humanistic psychology. |
| Raphael Coen 1839-1904 | Vienna | Coen was a physician, specializing in speech disorders of children. He coined the term “audimute” for children who did not speak before 3 years. He identified various speech disorders in addition to audimute and developed elaborate therapy regimens including a 70 week-long program of daily lessons to remedy audimutism and a program of exercise, electro-therapy and elocution to remedy stammering. |
| Marc Colombat 1797-1851 | Paris | Colombat’s specialities were stuttering and voice. He played a pivotal role in the creation of speech pathology in France. |
| Katrina de Hirsch 1903-1996 | Frankfort, London US 1941 | Katrina de Hirsch specialized in language disorders and learning disabilities. She was among the first to associate early language disorders with later reading disabilities. She was a protege of Samuel Orton. |
| Johann Frederick Dieffenbach 1795-1847 | Berlin | Dieffenbach was a surgeon who became famous in the speech-language pathology profession because of the surgery he did on the tongue to cure stammering (stuttering). His aim was to eliminate the muscle spasm of the glottis which he thought caused stammering. Dieffenbach also developed methods for cleft palate surgery. |
| Theodor Simon Flatau 1860-1937 | Berlin | Flatau was an otolaryngologist whose specialty was the singing and speaking voice. He established concepts of “phonasthenia” (vocal fatigue) and “dysodia” (change in the singing voice). He was a student of Hermann Gutzmann Sr. |
| Esti Freud 1896-1980 | Vienna, Paris, Casablanca US 1942 | Esti Freud’s specialty was voice disorders. She was a student of Emil Froeschels and wrote a memoir describing Froeschels’ curriculum in speech disorders. |
| Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 | Vienna London 1938 | This renown psychoanalyst wrote a book on aphasia that argued against a strict localizationist theory in the brain as an account for aphasia. His theories have also been applied to explain the causes of stuttering. |
| Henry Freund 1896-1982 | Vienna US | Freund’s specialties were stuttering and cluttering. He portrayed stuttering as an “expectancy neurosis”. He was the director of speech clinics in Europe and served as chief of the VA Hygiene Clinic in Milwaukee in the US. |
| Emil Froeschels 1885-1972 | Vienna US 1938 | This influential speech-language therapist was a well published Austrian “speech doctor” in Austria who came to America in 1938. He began International organization of logopedics and phoniatrics (IALP) and the German Society of Speech-, Language-, and Voice-Pathology. He invented the once acclaimed “chewing method” of therapy. |
| Robert Froriep 1804-1861 | Berlin | Frioriep was a physician and director of t he Pathological Museum at the Charite in Berlin. He treated stuttering by surgery (dividing the genio-hyoglossus on one side of the body). He also used electrical therapy to work with stuttering. |
| Franz Joseph Gall 1758-1828 | Vienna | Gall was a neuroanatomist, known for his advancement of faculty psychology and for his ideas about phrenology, where mental faculties were thought to be manifest separately on the surface of the brain. He was among the first to identify childhood language disorders—what he called audimutism. |
| Kurt Goldstein 1878-1965 | Frankfurt, Berlin US 1934 | Goldstein contributed holistic notions to the study of the brain and aphasia including “abstract attitude.” He was a student and intellectual adversary of Carl Wernicke. |
| Max Goldstein 1870-1941 | St. Louis, Vienna | Max Goldstein, an American otologist, specialized in methods to enhance hearing in the deaf and hearing impaired. He studied with Urbantschitsch in Vienna and applied his interest in Urbantschitsch’s auditory training approach when creating a curriculum for children who are deaf enrolled in the Central Institute for the Deaf that Goldstein founded in St. Louis in 1914. |
| James Sonnett Greene 1880-1950 | American, trained in Berlin | Greene was the founder and director of Hospital for Speech Defects in New York City. |
| Oskar Guttmann | BerlinUS | Guttmann’s book on vocal gymnastics, written in 1859 and translated into English in 1882 is still cited. His vocal exercises were designed as therapy for voice disorders and stuttering. |
| Albert Gutzmann 1837-1910 | Berlin | Albert Gutzmann was a teacher of the deaf and director of a Berlin school for the deaf. He developed a regimen for treating stuttering in school children (breathing and articulation exercises) (1887) and instructed teachers of the deaf. His son and grandson became well known “speech doctors” in Germany/ |
| Hermann Gutzmann Sr. 1865-1922 | Berlin | Son of Albert, Hermann Sr was the founder of a medical movement in Berlin for physicians to specialize in speech and language disorders. He is called the father of phoniatrics in Europe. |
| Hermann Gutzmann Jr. 1892-1972 | Berlin | Son of Hermann Sr., grandson of Albert: Hermann Jr. became head of the medical clinic for voice and speech/language disabled, carrying out the tradition of his father. |
Granville Stanley Hall1844-1924 | American who studied in Berlin, Leipzig and Munich | Hall was American who studied with Wundt in Liepzig and was influenced by the work of Preyer. He is said to have founded the child study movement in the US. |
| Herman von Helmholtz 1821-1894 | Berlin | Helmholtz was a physician, physicist, and mathematician. He blamed stuttering on a spasm of the glottis and advocated physical relaxation and immobility of the body as therapy. |
| Augusta Jellinek 1901-1957 | Rome Vienna US, 1938 | Jellinek was an opera singer and hearing and voice researcher. She was a researcher in Rome between 1933 and 1938. She left that position because of anti semitic laws in Mussolini’s Italy. Jellinek emigrated to America in 1938 and worked with Max Goldstein in St. Louis. She then moved to New York City, and worked with Emil Froeschels there and published with him. |
| Shulamith Kastein 1903-1983 | ViennaUS 1940 | Kastein, an immigrant from Vienna, Austria, was a specialist in language of the blind child. She worked in the Froeschels clinic in NYC and published with him. |
| Elmer Kenyon 1865-1945 | American who studied in Berlin 1911-12 | Kenyon was an otolaryngologist who studied with H. Gutzmann Sr. in Germany. He established a speech and hearing clinic at Rush Medical College in Chicago in 1910. Kenyon was one of the charter members of ASHA. |
| Hermann Klencke 1813-1881 | Leipzig | Klenke was a “speech doctor” who described symptoms for cluttering (1842) He was the first to formally to suggest that effective speech correction must deal with the total speech problem, including the psychological as well as the physical (1862). He opened a sanatorium for stammerers and used speech gymnastics (breathing and voicing practice) as his primary therapy method. The average stay at his sanatorium was 20-25 weeks. |
| Emil Kraepelin 1856-1926 | Munich | Kraepelin has been called the father of modern psychiatry. He was the first to identify schizophrenia and manic-depression, and he pioneered the use of drugs to treat mental illness. He was a joint discoverer of Alzeimer’s disease, which he named after his collaborator. |
| Adolf Kussmaul 1822-1902 | Heidelberg, Erlangen, Freiberg | Kussmaul published a classic book “disturbances of speech” in 1877 in which he made an extensive study of the physiological origins of speech disorders, especially stuttering and aphasia. |
| Ludwig Lichtheim 1845-1928 | Moved around: Breslau, Berlin | Lichtheim was one of the “diagram makers” who supported the localization theory of the brain. He identified brain centers and theorized th at their disconnections, caused by brain damage, produced different types of aphasia. He also claimed that when a person can indicate the number of syllables in a word, but cannot say the word, it it is a sign that he has subcortical motor aphasia. |
| Albert Liebmann 1876-1942 | Berlin | Liebmann was a medical educator specializing in the speech and language problems of children. He wrote the first book on cluttering. |
| Richard Luchsinger 1900-1993 | Swiss, but studied in Munich for a while. | Luchsinger was a phoniatrist and ENT who studied with Nadoleczny in Munich. He set up an ENT and Speech Clinic in Zurich (1936). He was among those who founded the journal Folia Phoniatrica and published a well known book on voice, speech, and language with Gottfried Arnold in 1949 (in German). |
| Carl Ludwig Merkel 1812-1876 | Leipzig | Merkel, a physician, published a classic book on phonetics in 1866. He saw stuttering as a problem with the “adynamic” state of the organs associated with a problem of volition. His treatment involved raising the body tone, lessening the force of the articulators, and strengthening energy of respiratory muscles. |
| Johannes Peter Mueller 1801-1858 | Bonn | Mueller was a physiologist who studied the anatomy of the larynx. He theorized that stuttering originated in the glottis. He recommended omitting “explosive sounds” in reading exercises to keep the glottis open. |
| Max Nadoleczny 1874-1940 | Berlin, then Munich | Nadoleczny was a physician and student of Hermann Gutzmann Sr. He worked in Munich for forty years. He organized free courses for children with speech and language disabilities. He published 125 articles and was a founder of the German Society of Speech-, Language-, and Voice-Pathology. He also served as an associate editor of the Journal of Speech Disorders when it began in 1936. |
| Heinrich Neumann | Vienna | Neumann was an otolaryngologist who ran an ENT clinic at Vienna University. The Neumann clinic was later converted into a speech and hearing clinic by Emil Froeschels. |
| Arnold Pick 1851-1924 | ViennaBerlinPrague | Pick, a physician and student of Wernicke’s, distinguished several clinical forms of aphasia. |
| Adam Politzer 1893-1894 | Vienna | Politzer, founded the Clinic for Otology of the University of Vienna, the first clinic of its kind in the world. His students were Max Goldstein, Emil Froeschels |
| William Preyer 1841-1897 | BonnJenaz | Preyer was a founder of scientific developmental psychology and an early researcher in childhood language acquisition. His work was frequently quoted by Froeschels in the 1918 book on Child language and aphasia, he also influenced G. Stanley Hall. |
| G. Oscar Russell 1890-1962 | American who studied in Berlin and Vienna | Russell was a phonetician and speech scientist. He was the first editor of the Journal of Speech Disorders and in the journal acknowledged the important role of European phoniatrists by placing them on the editorial board and publishing their work. |
| Edward Wheeler Scripture 1864-1945 | American who studied in Berlin, Leipzig andMunich. | Scripture was an early researcher in experimental phonetics in the US. He, along with his wife, May Kirk Scripture founded and directed a speech clinic at Columbia University. He studied with H. Gutzmann in Berlin and W. Wundt in Liepzig. Later in life he moved to London and founded a speech clinic at the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases. |
| Miloslav Seeman 1892-1975 | PragueVienna | Seeman was an otolaryngologist, who specialized in education of the hearing impaired. He was active in IALP—an international organization of Europeans (at first) specializing in logopedics and phoniatrics. |
| Leopold Stein 1893-1969 | ViennaLondon | Stein worked with Froeschels and Seeman to bring psychoanalytic theory into the realm and practice of speech pathology. |
| William Stern, 1871-1938Clara Stern 1887-1945 | Berlin, Breslau, HamburgUS 1933 | William Stern created the concepts of Mental Age and Intelligence Quotient. He and wife and research partner, Clara Stern, studied children’s development, using their own children as a point of departure. |
| Alfred A. Strauss 1897-1957 | Heidelberg | Strauss was one of the earliest practitioners and writers about learning disabilities in children, which he considered to be “minimal brain damage.” |
| Leopold Treitel1865-1905 | Berlin | Treitel was an ENT who used developmental theory to understand children with speech/language disabilities. He was among those, called “speech doctors” who promoted speech pathology as a medical specialty. |
| Viktor Urbantschitsch 1847-1921 | Vienna | Urbantschitsch was an otologist who developed a method of auditory training for the deaf. He was a mentor to Max Goldstein who went on to start the Central Institute for the Deaf in St. Louis, in the US. |
| Deso Weiss 1901-1971 | ViennaUS 1947 via Havana, Cuba | Weiss is best known for is work on cluttering. He also specialized in voice disorders. Weiss was a close affiliate and former student of Emil Froeschels. |
| Egon Weigl 1901-1979 | Munich, Frankfort, Berlin | Weigl was a neuropsychologist and aphasiologist, who promoted idea of “inner speech”, recommended deblocking as an aphasia therapy, and studied the neurolinguistics of written language. |
| Heinz Werner 1890-1964 | Vienna HamburgUS 1933 | Werner’s specialty was in child development. He created the organismic theory of development that talked about body involvement in language acquisition. He studied the cognition and perception of children with retardation. |
| Carl Wernicke 1848-1905 | Breslau then Berlin | Wernike is best known to speech-language pathologists for his study of aphasia and for his discovery of the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe (Wernike’s aphasia.) |
| Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 | Leipzig | Wundt was a founder of experimental psychology. He directed the dissertation of Edward Wheeler Scripture who is said to be the first American speech scientist.. |
| Gertrud Wyatt 1903-1993 | ViennaUS 1939 | Wyatt was an early specialist in mother-child interaction, especially as it related to the onset of stuttering and stuttering therapies |