{"id":43,"date":"2019-01-22T16:13:53","date_gmt":"2019-01-22T21:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/?page_id=43"},"modified":"2024-03-06T18:06:22","modified_gmt":"2024-03-06T18:06:22","slug":"malereproductivehistologynotes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/malereproductivehistologynotes\/","title":{"rendered":"Male Reproductive Histology Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\">LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h1>\n<hr \/>\n<h6>JUMP TO LINKS:<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Testis\">Testis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Epididymis\">Epididymis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Ductus\">Ductus Deferens<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Seminal\">Seminal Vesicles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Prostate\">Prostate<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Penis\">Penis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: inherit\">The male reproductive system consists of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The testes where both production of spermatozoan and the sex hormone, testosterone, occur<\/li>\n<li>A duct system leading from each testis wherein spermatozoa are stored and undergo maturation<\/li>\n<li>Accessory sex glands that provide a fluid vehicle for the germ cells and whose peristaltic reflexive contractions contribute to the force required to eject semen<\/li>\n<li>The urethra which courses through the prostate and penis<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-200 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Male-Reproductive-Tract-1024x765.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Male-Reproductive-Tract-1024x765.png 1024w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Male-Reproductive-Tract-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Male-Reproductive-Tract-768x574.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 490<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"Testis\"><strong>TESTIS<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into scrotum during fetal development. Testes are maintained slightly below body temperature, an important condition for sperm production.<br \/>\nEach testis is covered with a thick capsule, the <strong>tunica albuginea\u00a0<\/strong>which, in turn, is covered on its anterior and lateral margins by the <strong>tunica vaginalis<\/strong>, derived from the abdominal peritoneum. The posterior border of each testis capsule is greatly thickened and extends into the substance of the gland to form an incomplete partition, the <strong>mediastinum testis<\/strong>. Fibrous septa extend from the mediastinum to form approximately 250 pyramidal compartments, the <strong>testicular lobules<\/strong>. Each lobule is occupied by 1-4 <strong>seminiferous tubules\u00a0<\/strong>surrounded by loose connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves.\u00a0 The seminiferous tubules produce spermatozoa and the interstitium contains the second major component of the testis, the <strong>interstitial\u00a0<\/strong>or <strong>Leydig cells\u00a0<\/strong>which produce <em>testosterone<\/em>.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-202 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.48.01-AM-1024x853.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.48.01-AM-1024x853.png 1024w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.48.01-AM-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.48.01-AM-768x639.png 768w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.48.01-AM.png 1936w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 490<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">SPERMATO<\/span>GENESIS vs. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">SPERMIO<\/span>GENESIS<\/h1>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">SPERMATO<\/span>GENESIS<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Spermatogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>refers to the entire process by which spermatogonia (stem cells) give rise to spermatozoa.<br \/>\nThe <strong>seminiferous tubules\u00a0<\/strong>consist of a tunic of fibrous connective tissue, a well-defined basal lamina, and a complex seminiferous epithelium. The tunica propria contains several layers of fibroblasts and myoid cells that probably assist in expelling spermatozoa from the tubules.<br \/>\nThe seminiferous epithelium consists of cells of the <strong>spermatogenic lineage<\/strong>, stacked in 4-8 layers, and supporting <strong>Sertoli cells<\/strong>. The cells in the spermatogenic series represent various stages in the continuous process of differentiation which leads to the formation of spermatozoa. This process can be divided into 3 phases:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Spermatocytogenesis<\/strong>: Division of <strong>spermatogonia\u00a0<\/strong>which give rise to <strong>spermatocytes<\/strong>. Spermatogonial types include Type A and Type B spermatogonia.Type A spermatogonia consist of two types. Dark Type A spermatogonia act as a reserve population. Pale type A spermatogonia undergo mitosis to become Type B spermatogonia. Type B spermatogonia give rise to spermatocytes. All daughter cells remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges, forming a <strong>syncytium\u00a0<\/strong>as meiosis progresses.<\/li>\n<li>Meiosis: Spermatocytes undergo two meiotic divisions to produce <strong>spermatids<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I<\/li>\n<li>Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">SPERMIO<\/span>GENESIS<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Spermiogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>refers to the process by which spermatids undergo elaborate cyto-differentiation to produce <strong>spermatozoa<\/strong>, including shedding their cytoplasm and gaining a tail, known as the\u00a0<strong>flagellum<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-286\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-08-at-11.57.42-AM-1024x1013.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1013\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-08-at-11.57.42-AM-1024x1013.png 1024w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-08-at-11.57.42-AM-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-08-at-11.57.42-AM-768x760.png 768w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-08-at-11.57.42-AM-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/h1>\n<p>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 497<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong>Proacrosomal granules\u00a0<\/strong>coalesce within a portion of Golgi into a single <strong>acrosomal granule\u00a0<\/strong>contained within a vesicle. Granule and membrane spread over the anterior half of the condensing and elongating nucleus. Now called the <strong>acrosome\u00a0<\/strong>this structure serves as a special kind of lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that include hyaluronidase, hydrolases and proteases which will assist in penetrating the granulosa cells and the zona pellucida surrounding the egg.<br \/>\n&#8211; Simultaneous with acrosome development the centrioles migrate to the opposite pole of the nucleus and form the flagellum. Flagellar movement is powered by mitochondria that are aligned in a spiral array around the proximal flagellum.<br \/>\n&#8211; As differentiation proceeds most of the surplus cytoplasm is cast off, leaving\u00a0 a thin cytoplasmic covering for the sperm head, mid-piece and tail.<br \/>\n&#8211; Development from spermatogonia to the spermatid stage takes 74 days. Sperm subsequently acquire the potential to become motile in epididymis and undergo further maturation (<strong>capacitation<\/strong>) in the female genital tract.<br \/>\n&#8211; Fertility: The normal ejaculate consists of 3 ml of semen with 100 million sperm\/ml.\u00a0 Less than 20 million sperm\/ml is associated with sterility. Fertility may be retained when up to 20% of the sperm are abnormal. Abnormalities can result from ionizing radiation, heat, certain drugs, carcinogens and mutagens.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1><strong>Sertoli cells<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Sertoli cells are large pyramidal cells that envelope the cells of spermatogenic lineage. Tight junctions between these cells form the <strong>blood testis-barrier\u00a0<\/strong>and divide the seminiferous tubules into basal and adluminal compartments.<br \/>\nThe spermatogonia in the basal compartment are directly exposed to blood-borne materials in the interstitial fluid. In contrast, materials must reach the spermatogenic cells in the adluminal compartment via the Sertoli cell cytoplasm.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"padding-left: 90px;text-align: left\"><strong>Sertoli cell function includes:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(i) producing testicular fluid<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(ii) concentrating testosterone<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(iii) translocating interconnected germ cell progenitors to the lumen and actively release mature sperm to the lumen<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(iv) disposing of residual bodies<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(v) secreting m<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance (anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone) during embryological development<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-205\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.52.49-AM-1024x1001.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.52.49-AM-1024x1001.png 1024w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.52.49-AM-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.52.49-AM-768x751.png 768w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.52.49-AM.png 1988w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 492<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Functional significance of the blood-testis barrier:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(i) Maintains optimal environment (nutrients, hormones) for sperm cell differentiation<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(ii) Isolates and protects differentiating sperm from damaging substances in the blood<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px\">(iii) Prevents sperm antigens from reaching the rest of the body (preventing possible autoimmune responses to developing sperm at puberty).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1><strong>ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2><strong>Leydig cells<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Leydig cells are located in the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules and produce the steroid sex hormone testosterone.<br \/>\nTestosterone functions in spermatogenesis; in the development and secretory activity of accessory sex glands; and in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(i) Spermatogenesis: Regulation of androgen secretion and function depends on the gonadotropic hormones <strong>FSH\u00a0<\/strong>and <strong>LH <\/strong>produced by the anterior pituitary. These agents are, in turn, under the regulation of <strong>FSH and LH releasing hormones\u00a0<\/strong>from the hypothalamus.<\/p>\n<p>LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to synthesize <strong>androgen binding protein (APB)<\/strong>. Testosterone taken up by Sertoli cells binds to APB and the complex is secreted into seminiferous tubule lumen where it acts to stimulate spermatogenesis.<br \/>\nNegative feedback loops: Elevated testosterone levels act as a negative feedback stimulus to inhibit FSH\/LH-RH. Sertoli cells also produce <strong>inhibin\u00a0<\/strong>which inhibits release of FSH.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(ii) Male secondary sexual characteristics: Testosterone also influences development of secondary sex characteristics, libido, proper maintenance of genital glands and ducts, and aggressiveness.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-207\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-1017x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1017\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-1017x1024.png 1017w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-10.54.58-AM-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1017px) 100vw, 1017px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 501<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1><strong>GENITAL DUCT SYSTEM\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2><strong>Intratesticular Ducts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(i) <strong>Straight tubules (Tubule Recti)<\/strong>: channels continuous with seminiferous tubules and rete testis. They are lined by <em><strong>Sertoli cells only<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(ii) <strong>Rete testis<\/strong>: Channels in the mediastinum lined by<strong><em> simple cuboidal epithelium<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(iii) <strong>Efferent ductules<\/strong>: epithelial lining consisting of alternating groups of <strong><em>columnar cells<\/em> with <em>cilia<\/em> and <em>cuboidal<\/em> cells (scalloped appearance)<\/strong>. Ciliary movements propel sperm to the epididymis; cuboidal cells absorb fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Extratesticular Ducts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"Epididymis\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Epididymis<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Lined by <strong>pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia<\/strong>. The epididymis is a site of sperm maturation (acquisition of potential for movement) and storage. Together with the efferent ductules the epididymis absorbs 90% of the seminiferous fluid. Circular muscle layers propel sperm by peristaltic contractions.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Ductus\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Ductus Deferens<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Lined by <strong>pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia<\/strong>. Contraction of the muscular wall (longitudinal inner and outer layers, circular middle layer) propels sperm towards the ejaculatory ducts &amp; urethra.<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"\"><\/h1>\n<hr \/>\n<h1><strong>Accessory Sex Glands<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h3 id=\"Seminal\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Seminal Vesicles<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Approximately 15 cm long tube that is coiled and convoluted on itself. <strong>Extremely folded mucosa with pseudostratified columnar epithelium<\/strong>. Lamina propria is surrounded by layers of an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. Seminal vesicles synthesize sperm activating substances including <strong>fructose<\/strong> (a forensic marker), citrate, inositol, prostaglandins and proteins.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Prostate\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Prostate<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Aggregate of 30-50 small <strong>compound tubulo-alveolar glands<\/strong> that drain via approximately 20 ducts into the urethra. The secretion is rich in proteolytic enzymes which aid in liquefaction of the semen. Also contains large amounts of acid phosphatase which is elevated in cases of prostatic carcinoma (diagnostic).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Glands are grouped into <strong>mucosal glands<\/strong>, located around the lateral and anterior portion of the urethra, and <strong>submucosal\u00a0<\/strong>and <strong>main glands\u00a0<\/strong>in the rest of the prostate. Hyperplasia of the mucosal glands is common in men over 50 and can cause urethral obstruction.\u00a0 Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common form of cancer in males. Clinical correlates: Benign prostatic hyperplasia &amp; prostatic adenocarcinoma<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1096 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/02\/Prostate.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/02\/Prostate.jpg 343w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/02\/Prostate-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/02\/Prostate-300x297.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"Penis\"><strong>PENIS<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Consists of 3 cylinders of erectile tissue:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 Corpora cavernosa dorsally<\/li>\n<li>1 Corpus spongiosum ventrally &#8211; contains penile urethra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The corpora consist of networks of irregular vascular spaces lined by endothelium and separated from one another by partitions (trabeculae) composed of dense fibroelastic tissue with smooth muscle bundles. Each cylinder is surrounded by a thick fibrous sheath, the <strong>\u00a0tunica albuginea<\/strong>. The surrounding connective tissue, which contains many smooth muscle fibers, is covered by skin.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-211\" src=\"http:\/\/wpdev.acsu.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/231\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-11.01.39-AM-883x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"883\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-11.01.39-AM-883x1024.png 883w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-11.01.39-AM-259x300.png 259w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-11.01.39-AM-768x891.png 768w, https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2019\/02\/Screen-Shot-2019-02-01-at-11.01.39-AM.png 2006w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 883px) 100vw, 883px\" \/>Image:\u00a0\u00a0Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, p. 507<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Erection Mechanism<\/span>: Erection is brought about by parasympathetic induced relaxation of the arteries supplying the vascular spaces of the penis. Vascular dilatation causes blood to enter and distend the corpora and the resultant compression of the draining veins leads to engorgement and erection of the penis. After emission, which is an autonomic sympathetic response, the arterial walls regain their former tonus.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Images:\u00a0 Gartner &amp; Hiatt (2007). Color Textbook of Histology: Saunders Elsevier, pp 489-510<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LEARNING OBJECTIVES JUMP TO LINKS: Testis Epididymis Ductus Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate Penis The male reproductive system consists of: The testes where both production of spermatozoan and the sex hormone, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/malereproductivehistologynotes\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Male Reproductive Histology Notes<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":313,"featured_media":186,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-43","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/313"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1267,"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43\/revisions\/1267"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ubwp.buffalo.edu\/histology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}